Penicillins

Penicillins .
Penicillin G is a natural antibiotic derived from a fungus, bread mold Penicillium chrysogenum (or P. notatum). She was discovered on September 15, 1928 , by Scottish physician and bacteriologist Alexander Fleming and is available as a drug since 1941 , the first antibiotic to be used successfully .
Antibiotic is the generic name given to a substance that is capable of interacting with unicellular microorganisms or multicellular beings that cause infections in the body. Antibiotics interfere with the microorganisms , killing them or inhibiting their metabolism and / or reproduction , allowing the immune system to fight them more effectively . The term antibiotic has been used more restrictively to indicate substances that affect bacteria, although it may be used in a broad sense (against fungi , for example). It can be bactericidal when it has a lethal effect on the bacteria or bacteriostatic stops or inhibits their reproduction metabolism. The findings were first substances produced by fungi such as penicillin . Currently are synthesized or altered in pharmaceutical laboratories and have the ability to prevent or hinder the maintenance of a certain group of living cells . The antibiotics are drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are more and more bacteria develop resistance against antibiotics that currently have . This resistance is formed in part due to the overuse of these antibiotics. As a result , we are constantly developing new antibiotics to combat bacteria increasingly resistant . But , finally , the bacteria also become resistant to these newer antibiotics . Antibiotics are classified according to their potency. The bactericidal antibiotics destroy bacteria , while bacteriostatic antibiotics prevent only those multiply, and allow the body to eliminate resistant bacteria . For most infections , both types of antibiotics appear equally effective , but the immune system is weakened or person has a severe infection , such as bacterial endocarditis and meningitis , an antibiotic bactericidal usually more effective. Physicians may choose an antibiotic to treat an infection in particular based on the assumption which is, according to them , the agent responsible for the process . For its part , the laboratory can identify the infecting bacteria taxonomically and thereby help your doctor choose the antibiotic. However , these laboratory tests are slow usually a day or two to give their results and therefore can not be used to choose the initial treatment . Moreover , even if the agent has been identified and has been determined in the laboratory their sensitivity to antibiotics , the choice of the drug is not so simple. The sensitivities that are detected in the laboratory do not always correspond to that present in the infected patient . The effectiveness of treatment depends on factors such as the degree of absorption of the drug into the bloodstream that the amount thereof reaches the various body fluids which the speed of the body to eliminate it. The selection of a drug also has to take into account the nature and severity of the disease , the side effects it causes, the possibility of severe allergies and other allergic and financial cost thereof. In some cases it is necessary to use a combination of antibiotics to treat severe infections , especially when the sensitivity is still unknown bacterium thereto. The associations are also important for certain infections , such as tuberculosis, in which bacteria develop resistance rapidly administering a drug alone. Sometimes the junction of two of them have a more powerful effect and these associations can be used to treat infections caused by bacteria which show difficult to eradicate such as Pseudomonas . In severe bacterial infections , antibiotics are usually administered first by injection , typically intravenous injection. When the infection is controlled , can give orally . The antibiotics should be taken until the infectious agent is eliminated from the body , a process which may require several days after the disappearance of symptoms. Stopping treatment too early may cause a relapse or else stimulate the development of resistant bacteria . For this reason , antibiotics are commonly eaten after several days lost all evidence of infection. Certain antibiotics are used to treat rickettsial infections , which are microorganisms that are similar to bacteria or viruses . Rickettsiae are smaller than the first , but larger than the latter. As the virus can only survive within the cells of another organism , but as bacteria, are vulnerable to antibiotics. Specifically, the most effective against infections caused by Rickettsia are chloramphenicol and tetracyclines . Antibiotics are used not only to treat infections , but also to prevent them . For effective results , and in order to prevent bacteria develop resistance, preventive therapy must be short and the antibiotic to be active against this bacterium in particular. One example of preventive therapy involves taking antibiotics while traveling to prevent traveler's diarrhea . Likewise , this therapy is used in people exposed to someone with meningococcal meningitis , due to the risk of contagion . People with abnormal heart valves ingest antibiotics preventively usual manner before surgery , including dental surgery. These individuals have an increased risk of acquiring an infection of the heart valves ( endocarditis ) by bacteria normally found in the mouth and in other parts of the body. Such bacteria can enter the bloodstream during surgery to achieve the damaged heart valves . The prophylactic antibiotics type may also be ingested by individuals whose immune system is not fully effective , such as those suffering from leukemia , those receiving chemotherapy to treat a cancer and AIDS patients still . On the other hand , healthy people who undergo surgery with high risk of infection (such as orthopedic surgery or large bowel ) can also be taken. Unfortunately , antibiotics are often used without there being a strong reason to do so. For example , they are often incorrectly administered to treat viral diseases such as colds and flu. An antibiotic can cause an allergic reaction , as usually occurs with penicillin , or may cause other side effects . For example, aminoglycosides may damage the kidneys and the ear interno.O antibiotic treatment may be maintained despite the side effects , particularly if only effective against infection from which the patient suffers . The physician will evaluate by comparing the magnitude of these effects with severity of infection.
Classes of antibiotics.
As previously described antibiotics can be classified as bacteriostatic and bactericidal , depending on whether the drug directly cause the death of bacteria or only inhibits replication, respectively. In practice , this classification is based on the behavior of both in vitro and antibiotic classes may be effective in treating an infection ( Pelczar , MJ , Chan , ECS and Krieg , NR ) .
List of antibiotics with controlled sale is updated by ANVISA .
The RDC 61 , published on December 22 , amended Annex DRC 44 , 2010 and included 26 active ingredients that were not in the previous list , and remove other five substances . The total list includes 119 substances under control ANVISA . The substances excluded are: 5 - fluorocytosine , griseofulvin , nystatin , fenilazodiaminopiridina and sulfadoxine . Also, corrected the spelling of the substance to talilsulfatiazol Ftalilsulfatiazol . ANVISA prepared a Technical Note to clarify the doubts of physicians , health professionals and users of medicines regarding determinations of RDC 44 . The note makes clear that the term "recipe special control " refers to a simple recipe in duplicate containing the information required by the agency.
The note also says that the information related to the identification of the buyer shall be filled only at the time of sale, this procedure is the responsibility of the pharmacy or drugstore in question . In addition , the document points out that only one drug should be prescribed on prescription and can only be delivered to the pharmacy once , only for a purchase . Since April 25, 2011 the pharmacies are required to notarize sales of antimicrobials in the National Management Controlled Products ( SNGPC ) ANVISA .